Introduction: Xenobiotic contamination is a global concern. Nitroaromatic compounds enter the environment through ammunition, ordnance disposal, burning the outdoors, and leakage of ammunition. Thirty percent of Explosives enter the environment without any change, which can cause pollution of soil, water, and health concerns. So, effective remediation of the contaminated area is necessary. Materials and Methods: Soil bioreactors consisted of plastic pans placed in larger pans. Explosives were analyzed using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, Model 486 UV detector, and a Nova Pak C18 guard column. LC-MS detected intermediates on an RP18 analytical column equipped with a C18 guard column. Results: Rhamnolipid significantly affected 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) biodegradation rates with the help of indigenous bioaugmentation. The mentioned condition was also effective on the maximum bacterial growth in various nitroaromatics (S0) concentrations, in which the top change occurred. The specific growth rate was foremost in a setup containing microbial inoculated and biosurfactant (0. 19) responding to 800 mg/kg TNT and 150 mg/kg PETN. The maximum bacterial enumeration of sludge and biosurfactant were 4. 8 × 108 and 4. 1 × 108 CFU/g, respectively. The aerobicanaerobic sequence could be able to produce less harmful metabolites. In an aerobic-anaerobic sequence process, using the anaerobic process could help complete the azo compounds degradation in the aerobic stage. Conclusion: Aerobic-anaerobic condition is suitable for bioremediation contaminated Explosive sites and achieving complete mineralization. Generally, this proposed method is possible for in situ bioremediation.

BACKGROUND Iranian people celebrate the last Wednesday of the year also known as Chahar Shambeh Soori (CSS) using low Explosive pyrotechnics classified as fireworks. Mishaps and accidents are common and maxillofacial fractures may occur which have a negative impact on the quality of life. This study aimed to assess maxillofacial fractures (fx) caused by Explosive agents. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed 283 patients suffering maxillofacial fxs caused by Explosive agents during CSS ceremonies between 2009 and 2019 referred to our craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery center. The data assessed included age, sex, cause, type, site, and severity of injury, fracture patterns, treatment modalities, and complications. All maxillofacial injuries were evaluated and treated by Craniomaxillofacial staff surgeons. RESULTS Among 283 patients, 72. 8% (206) and 27. 2% (77) were men and women, respectively. The mean age of patients was 17. 35 years. The most common maxillofacial fracture was in the mid-face,with the distribution of fractures being: 39. 9% zygomatic fractures, 32. 1% nasal bone fractures, 63. 2% dentoalveolar fracture, 43. 1% Le Fort (Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III), 31. 4% orbital, and 43. 1% mandible fractures. The most frequent type of treatment was Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) (77. 4%). CONCLUSION The most common site of maxillofacial fractures and most frequent treatment used were similar to military or ballistic injuries. ORIF was common treatment.

Background: Explosive events refer to events, either natural or man-made, that occur advertently or accidentally. This article aimed to study epidemiology of Explosive events and investigate the health consequences of such events. It also aimed to discuss the prevention and management of these events from a healthcare provision viewpoint.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study comprised 2 sections. First, following an extensive review of the literature, a database, containing the related articles was developed. Then, the core research group drafted the first adapted version of the results. Using a Delphi panel methodology, the results were finalized based on the consensus of 11 experts.Results: Terrorist explosion is the most common type and of ever-growing explosions worldwide. It accounts for the largest proportion of casualties caused by man-made events. Health consequences of explosions can be classified into physical, mental, and social ones, which can appear immediately or a long time after the event and affect individuals, families, and societies.Conclusion: Because of the wide range and adverse impacts of explosions, healthcare authorities and staff should have a good grasp of preventive principles, as well as protection and management of explosion sites. Besides they have to be familiar with treating the injured. It is recommended that training courses and simulated Explosive events be designed and run by the healthcare sector.